Respiratory viruses infect the human upper respiratory tract, mostly causing mild diseases.
However, in vulnerable populations, such as newborns, infants, the elderly and immune …

The interferon (IFN) system is an extremely powerful antiviral response that is capable of
controlling most, if not all, virus infections in the absence of adaptive immunity. However …

Chemotherapy-resistant urothelial carcinoma has no uniformly curative therapy.
Understanding how selective pressure from chemotherapy directs the evolution of urothelial …

Among the various respiratory viruses infecting human beings, coronaviruses are important
pathogens, which usually infect the upper respiratory tract, where they are mainly associated …

Antiviral restriction factors are host cellular proteins that constitute a first line of defense
blocking viral replication and propagation. In addition to interfering at critical steps of the …

In humans, viral infections of the respiratory tract are a leading cause of morbidity and
mortality worldwide. Several recognized respiratory viral agents have a neuroinvasive …

The human APOBEC3 proteins are DNA cytidine deaminases that impede the replication of
many different transposons and viruses. The genes that encode APOBEC3A, APOBEC3B …

Members of the APOBEC family of cellular cytidine deaminases represent a recently
identified group of proteins that provide immunity to infection by retroviruses and protect the …

The blood brain barrier consisting of astrocytes, pericytes and brain microvascular
endothelial cells plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of neurotropic viruses by controlling …

The AID/APOBEC family enzymes convert cytosines in single-stranded DNA to uracils,
causing base substitutions and strand breaks. They are induced by cytokines produced …