Vitamin D, best known for its role in skeletal health, has emerged as a key regulator of innate
immune responses to microbial threat. In immune cells such as macrophages, expression of …

The organic cation transporters (OCTs) OCT1, OCT2, OCT3, novel OCT (OCTN) 1, OCTN2,
multidrug and toxin exclusion (MATE) 1, and MATE kidney-specific 2 are polyspecific …

Background Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are the two major forms of inflammatory
bowel disease; treatment strategies have historically been determined by this binary …

The human gut is densely populated by commensal and symbiotic microbes (the “gut
microbiota”), with the majority of the constituent microorganisms being bacteria …

Crohn's disease can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract; however, current European
and national guidelines worldwide do not differentiate between small-intestinal and colonic …

NOD1 and NOD2 are related intracellular sensors of bacterial peptidoglycan and belong to
the Nod-like receptor (NLR) family of innate immune proteins that play fundamental and …

It has been long recognized that NOD1 and NOD2 are critical players in the host immune
response, primarily by their sensing bacterial peptidoglycan‐conserved motifs. Significant …

The gene encoding the Nod2 protein is frequently mutated in Crohn's disease (CD) patients,
although the physiological function of Nod2 in the intestine remains elusive. Here we show …

Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), the primary constituents of inflammatory
bowel disease (IBD), are precipitated by a complex interaction of environmental, genetic …

Humans have evolved with oral exposure to dietary microparticles and nanoparticles as a
normal occurrence but the ever-growing exploitation of nanotechnology is likely to increase …