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The evolution of cooperation
Darwin recognized that natural selection could not favor a trait in one species solely for the
benefit of another species. The modern, selfish-gene view of the world suggests that …
benefit of another species. The modern, selfish-gene view of the world suggests that …
Protective ant-plant interactions as model systems in ecological and evolutionary research
▪ Abstract Protective ant-plant interactions, important in both temperate and tropical
communities, are increasingly used to study a wide range of phenomena of general interest …
communities, are increasingly used to study a wide range of phenomena of general interest …
The evolution of plant–insect mutualisms
Mutualisms (cooperative interactions between species) have had a central role in the
generation and maintenance of life on earth. Insects and plants are involved in diverse forms …
generation and maintenance of life on earth. Insects and plants are involved in diverse forms …
The exploitation of mutualisms
Mutualisms (interspecific cooperative interactions) are ubiquitously exploited by organisms
that obtain the benefits mutualists offer, while delivering no benefits in return. The natural …
that obtain the benefits mutualists offer, while delivering no benefits in return. The natural …
Fungal endophytes: common host plant symbionts but uncommon mutualists
Fungal endophytes are extremely common and highly diverse microorganisms that live
within plant tissues, but usually remain asymptomatic. Endophytes traditionally have been …
within plant tissues, but usually remain asymptomatic. Endophytes traditionally have been …
Breakdown of an ant-plant mutualism follows the loss of large herbivores from an African savanna
Mutualisms are key components of biodiversity and ecosystem function, yet the forces
maintaining them are poorly understood. We investigated the effects of removing large …
maintaining them are poorly understood. We investigated the effects of removing large …
Synergy of multiple partners, including freeloaders, increases host fitness in a multispecies mutualism
Understanding cooperation is a central challenge in biology, because natural selection
should favor “free-loaders” that reap benefits without reciprocating. For interspecific …
should favor “free-loaders” that reap benefits without reciprocating. For interspecific …
Cheaters must prosper: reconciling theoretical and empirical perspectives on cheating in mutualism
Cheating is a focal concept in the study of mutualism, with the majority of researchers
considering cheating to be both prevalent and highly damaging. However, current …
considering cheating to be both prevalent and highly damaging. However, current …
The competition-colonization trade-off is dead; long live the competition-colonization trade-off
When applied at the individual patch level, the classic competition-colonization models of
species coexistence assume that propagules of superior competitors can displace adults of …
species coexistence assume that propagules of superior competitors can displace adults of …
Interacting guilds: moving beyond the pairwise perspective on mutualisms
Most textbook treatments imply, and almost all theoretical analyses assume, that mutualistic
interactions take place between a single pair of interacting partner species. A major goal of …
interactions take place between a single pair of interacting partner species. A major goal of …