Over the last century hundreds of studies have demonstrated that testing is an effective
intervention to enhance long-term retention of studied knowledge and facilitate mastery of …

Research on the psychology of learning has highlighted straightforward ways of enhancing
learning. However, effective learning strategies are underused by learners. In this Review …

Given the growing interest in retrieval practice among educators, it is valuable to know when
retrieval practice does and does not improve student learning—particularly for educators …

Learning is often identified with the acquisition and encoding of new information. Reading a
textbook, listening to a lecture, participating in a hands-on classroom activity, and studying a …

Retrieval practice has been widely studied as an effective strategy for enhancing memory. In
this review article, we discuss how its effects on learning complex problem-solving …

Tests have been vastly used for the assessment of learning in educational contexts.
Recently, however, a growing body of research has shown that the practice of remembering …

Over 100 years of research shows that retrieval practice is highly effective for enhancing
student learning. When managing their own study behaviors, however, students tend to …

It is well-established in memory research that retrieval fosters learning. When applying this
effect in education, it is an important question which type of retrieval task works best. Several …

The testing effect, defined as the positive effect of retrieval practice (ie, self-testing) on long-
term memory retention relative to other ways to support learning, is a robust empirical …

Testing oneself with flash cards, using a clicker to respond to a teacher's questions, and
teaching another student are all effective ways to learn information. These learning …