Fungi are an essential component of any ecosystem and have diverse ecological roles,
ranging from endophytes to epiphytes and pathogens to saprobes. The current estimate of …

Mammalian gut microbiomes profoundly influence host fitness, but the processes that drive
the evolution of host-microbiome systems are poorly understood. Recent studies suggest …

Fungi play vital roles in ecosystems as endophytes, pathogens and saprobes. The current
estimate of fungal diversity is highly uncertain, ranging from 1.5 to 12 million, but only …

Our understanding of the diversity and evolution of vertebrate RNA viruses is largely limited
to those found in mammalian and avian hosts and associated with overt disease. Here …

The trillions of microbes living in the gut—the gut microbiota—play an important role in
human biology and disease. While much has been done to explore its diversity, a full …

The cosmopolitan plant genus Clematis contains many climbing species that can be found
worldwide. The genus occurs in the wild and is grown commercially for horticulture …

Whether mammal–microbiome interactions are persistent and specific over evolutionary
time is controversial. Here we show that host phylogeny and major dietary shifts have …

Humans and other primates harbour complex gut bacterial communities that influence
health and disease, but the evolutionary histories of these symbioses remain unclear. This is …

Given the complexity of host-microbiota symbioses, scientists and philosophers are asking
questions at new biological levels of hierarchical organization—what is a holobiont and …

Studies in diverse biological systems have indicated that host–parasite co-evolution is
responsible for the extraordinary genetic diversity seen in some genomic regions, such as …