Evolutionary changes in organismal traits may occur either gradually or suddenly. However,
until recently, there has been little direct information about how phenotypic changes are …

Evolution is the fundamental physical process that gives rise to biological phenomena. Yet it
is widely treated as a subset of population genetics, and thus its scope is artificially limited …

Polyploidy is observed across the tree of life, yet its influence on evolution remains
incompletely understood,,,. Polyploidy, usually whole-genome duplication, is proposed to …

Evolutionary novelties have been important in the history of life, but their origins are usually
difficult to examine in detail. We previously described the evolution of a novel trait, aerobic …

Introduction The conversion of transient information into long-lasting responses is a common
aspect of many biological processes and is crucial for the design of sophisticated synthetic …

The predominant approach for antibody generation remains animal immunization, which
can yield exceptionally selective and potent antibody clones owing to the powerful …

Advances in sequencing technologies have enabled the identification of mutations acquired
by bacterial pathogens during infection,,,,,,,,,. However, it remains unclear whether adaptive …

In theory, competition between asexual lineages can lead to second-order selection for
greater evolutionary potential. To test this hypothesis, we revived a frozen population of …

When large asexual populations adapt, competition between simultaneously segregating
mutations slows the rate of adaptation and restricts the set of mutations that eventually fix …

The fate of a newly arising beneficial mutation depends on many factors, such as the
population size and the availability and fitness effects of other mutations that accumulate in …