Chatbots are intelligent conversational computer systems designed to mimic human
conversation to enable automated online guidance and support. The increased benefits of …

Over the last several years, the field of natural language processing has been propelled
forward by an explosion in the use of deep learning models. This article provides a brief …

How can a single person understand what's going on in a collection of millions of
documents? This is an increasingly common problem: sifting through an organization's e …

With artificial intelligence permeating conversations and marketing interactions through
digital technologies and media, machine learning models, in particular, natural language …

The demand for psychological counselling has grown significantly in recent years,
particularly with the global outbreak of COVID-19, which has heightened the need for timely …

We survey the most widely-used algorithms for smoothing models for language n-gram
modeling. We then present an extensive empirical comparison of several of these smoothing …

In this paper, we present a survey on the application of recurrent neural networks to the task
of statistical language modeling. Although it has been shown that these models obtain good …

Statistical language models estimate the distribution of various natural language
phenomena for the purpose of speech recognition and other language technologies. Since …

Many groups have investigated the relationship of word error rate and perplexity of
language models. This issue is of central interest because perplexity optimization can be …

In this paper we examine language modeling for text simplification. Unlike some text-to-text
translation tasks, text simplification is a monolingual translation task allowing for text in both …