We assess evidence relevant to Earth's equilibrium climate sensitivity per doubling of
atmospheric CO2, characterized by an effective sensitivity S. This evidence includes …

A rapidly growing body of research applies panel methods to examine how temperature,
precipitation, and windstorms influence economic outcomes. These studies focus on …

2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

This chapter assesses the causes of observed changes assessed in Chapters 2 to 5 and
uses understanding of physical processes, climate models and statistical approaches. The …

Equilibrium climate sensitivity characterizes the Earth's long-term global temperature
response to increased atmospheric CO2 concentration. It has reached almost iconic status …

The evolution of industrial-era warming across the continents and oceans provides a context
for future climate change and is important for determining climate sensitivity and the …

Large-scale millennial length Northern Hemisphere (NH) temperature reconstructions have
been progressively improved over the last 20 years as new datasets have been developed …

Past global climate changes had strong regional expression. To elucidate their spatio-
temporal pattern, we reconstructed past temperatures for seven continental-scale regions …

Climate projections for the fourth assessment report (AR4) of the Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change (IPCC) were based on scenarios from the Special Report on Emissions …

Since his inauguration on January 1, 2019, Jair Bolsonaro, a declared right-wing candidate
nicknamed “Tropical Trump,” has introduced measures to reduce environmental restrictions …