Background Controversy exists about the differences in air pollution exposure and
inhalation dose between mode of transport. We aimed to review air pollution exposure and …

Background: Current air quality standards for particulate matter (PM) use the PM mass
concentration [PM with aerodynamic diameters≤ 10 μm (PM10) or≤ 2.5 μm (PM2. 5)] as a …

Background Although from a societal point of view a modal shift from car to bicycle may have
beneficial health effects due to decreased air pollution emissions, decreased greenhouse …

This report presents the results of a systematic review of evidence of the health effects of
black carbon (BC). Short-term epidemiological studies provide sufficient evidence of an …

We evaluated personal exposure of 62 individuals to the air pollutant Black Carbon, using
13 portable aethalometers while kee** detailed records of their time-activity pattern and …

Emerging evidence suggests that short episodes of high exposure to air pollution occur
while commuting. These events can result in potentially adverse health effects. We present a …

Background Commuters are exposed to high concentrations of air pollutants, but little
quantitative information is currently available on differences in exposure between different …

Personal exposure studies are crucial alongside microenvironment and ambient studies in
order to get a better understanding of the health risks posed by fine particulate matter and …

Time–activity patterns are an important determinant of personal exposure to air pollution.
This is demonstrated by measuring personal exposure of 16 participants for 7 consecutive …

Commuting is considered as one of the high-exposure periods among various daily
activities, especially in high vehicle-density metropolitan areas. There is a growing …