After encountering antigen, helper T (TH) cells undergo differentiation to effector cells, which
can secrete high levels of interferon-γ, interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-10 and other …

CD4+ T cells are crucial for directing appropriate immune responses during host defense
and for the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. In addition to the classical biphasic …

Helper T (Th) cell subsets direct immune responses by producing signature cytokines. Th2
cells produce IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, which are important in humoral immunity and protection …

Naive CD4+ T cells give rise to T-helper-cell subsets with functions that are tailored to their
respective roles in host defence. The specification of T-helper-cell subsets is controlled by …

Helper T cells coordinate immune responses through the production of cytokines. Th2 cells
express the closely linked Il4, Il13, and Il5 cytokine genes, whereas these same genes are …

TCRαβ thymocytes differentiate into either CD8αβ+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes or CD4+ helper
T cells. This functional dichotomy is controlled by key transcription factors, including the …

Over the past year, vertebrate GATA factors have been found to participate directly in several
signal-transduction pathways. Smad3, phosphorylated by TGF-β signalling, interacts with …

The differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells into subsets of T helper cells is a pivotal process
with major implications for host defense and the pathogenesis of immune-mediated …

After antigen encounter by CD4+ T cells, polarizing cytokines induce the expression of
master regulators that control differentiation. Inactivation of the histone methyltransferase …

T helper cell differentiation occurs in the context of the extracellular cytokine milieu evoked
by diverse microbes and other pathogenic stimuli along with T cell receptor stimulation. The …