Diabetes mellitus has been recognised as one of the four major non-communicable
diseases that demands urgent attention from all key shareholders globally in an effort to …

Oxidative stress is a critical factor in the pathogenesis and progression of diabetes and its
associated complications. The imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) …

Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of mortality and disability worldwide. However,
there is a current lack of effective therapies available. As the resident macrophages of the …

INTRODUCTION In Alzheimer's disease (AD), the production of amyloid β (Aβ) oligomers
and downstream tau dysfunction are thought to cause neuronal damage, in particular a loss …

Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Resident microglia
are the principal immune cells of the brain, and the first to respond to the pathophysiological …

Nitric oxide (NO) works as a retrograde neurotransmitter in synapses, allows the brain blood
flow and also has important roles in intracellular signaling in neurons from the regulation of …

Microglia are brain resident macrophages originated from primitive progenitor cells in the
yolk sac. Microglia can be activated within hours and recruited to the lesion site …

Ion channels and transporters mediate the transport of charged ions across hydrophobic
lipid membranes. In immune cells, divalent cations such as calcium, magnesium, and zinc …

Brain edema is a severe stroke complication that is associated with prolonged
hospitalization and poor outcomes. Swollen tissues in the brain compromise cerebral …

The past two decades have witnessed remarkable advances in oxidative stress research,
particularly in the context of ischemic brain injury. Oxidative stress in ischemic tissues …