Aptamers are short single-stranded DNA or RNA oligonucleotides isolated from randomized
libraries, presenting high affinity and specificity toward targets with similar to antibodies …

Aptamers are single-stranded DNA or RNA molecules capable of tightly binding to specific
targets. These functional nucleic acids are obtained by an in vitro Darwinian evolution …

Exosomes constitute an emerging biomarker for cancer diagnosis because they carry
multiple proteins that reflect the origins of parent cells. Assessing exosome surface proteins …

Nucleic acid aptamers are ssDNA or ssRNA fragments that specifically recognize targets.
However, the pharmacodynamic properties of natural aptamers consisting of 4 naturally …

Modified nucleic acids, also called xeno nucleic acids (XNAs), offer a variety of advantages
for biotechnological applications and address some of the limitations of first-generation …

Recent advancements in the creation of artificial extra base pairs (unnatural base pairs,
UBPs) are opening the door to a new research area, xenobiology, and genetic alphabet …

The novel evolutionary engineering method ExSELEX (genetic alphabet expansion for
systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) provides high-affinity DNA …

Disease-related biomarkers are objectively measurable molecular signatures of
physiological status that can serve as disease indicators or drug targets in clinical diagnosis …

Expanding the number of nucleotides in DNA increases the information density of functional
DNA molecules, creating nanoassemblies that cannot be invaded by natural DNA/RNA in …

The ability of nucleic acids to catalyze reactions (as well as store and transmit information) is
important for both basic and applied science, the first in the context of molecular evolution …