In the past two decades, much evidence has accumulated unequivocally demonstrating that
child abuse and neglect is associated with a marked increase in risk for major psychiatric …

Although the etiology and expression of psychiatric disorders are complex, mammals show
biologically preserved behavioral and neurobiological responses to valent stimuli which …

Research into the causes of psychopathology has largely focused on two broad etiologic
factors: genetic vulnerability and environmental stressors. An important role for …

Recent years have seen increased interest in psychopathologies related to trauma
exposure. Specifically, there has been a growing awareness to posttraumatic stress disorder …

Translational research on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has produced limited
improvements in clinical practice. Fear conditioning (FC) is one of the dominant animal …

Early life stress has been shown to exert profound short-and long-term effects on human
physiology both in the central nervous system and peripherally. Early life stress has …

The historically understood role of the central amygdala (CeA) in fear learning is to serve as
a passive output station for processing and plasticity that occurs elsewhere in the brain …

The goals of animal research in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) include better
understanding the neurophysiological etiology of PTSD, identifying potential targets for …

Neuroimaging has provided compelling data about the brain. Yet the underlying
mechanisms of many neuroimaging techniques have not been elucidated. Here we report a …

Posttraumatic stress disorder manifests after exposure to a traumatic event and is
characterized by avoidance/numbing, intrusive symptoms and flashbacks, mood and …