HIV-1 infection typically results from the transmission of a single viral variant, the
transmitted/founder (T/F) virus. Studies of these HIV-1 variants provide critical information …

Cell surface carbohydrates have been proven optimal targets for vaccine development.
Conjugation of polysaccharides to a carrier protein triggers a T-cell-dependent immune …

Bacterial small molecule metabolites such as adenosine-diphosphate-d-glycero-β-d-manno-
heptose (ADP-heptose) and their derivatives act as effective innate immune agonists in …

Highly virulent Helicobacter pylori cause proinflammatory signaling inducing the
transcriptional activation and secretion of cytokines such as IL-8 in epithelial cells …

Host recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) initiates an innate
immune response that is critical for pathogen elimination and engagement of adaptive …

The outer membrane (OM) of Gram-negative bacteria is an asymmetric lipid bilayer
containing a unique glycolipid, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in its outer leaflet. LPS molecules …

Neisseria gonorrhoeae (also known as gonococcus) has been causing gonorrhoea in
humans since ancient Egyptian times. Today, global gonorrhoea infections are rising at an …

The concept of immunizing against gonorrhea has received renewed interest because of the
recent emergence of strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae that are resistant to most currently …

Sexual positioning practices among men who have sex with men (MSM) have not received a
thorough discussion in the MSM and HIV literature, given that risks for acquiring or …

The mucosa is colonized with commensal Neisseria. Some of these niches are sites of
infection for the STD pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Ngo). Given the antagonistic …