The global impacts of climate change are evident in every marine ecosystem. On coral reefs,
mass coral bleaching and mortality have emerged as ubiquitous responses to ocean …

Climate change is driving changes in the physical and chemical properties of the ocean that
have consequences for marine ecosystems. Here, we review evidence for the responses of …

Executive Summary The IPCC Working Group II contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report
addresses the challenges of climate action in the context of sustainable development with a …

Coral reefs are found in a wide range of environments, where they provide food and habitat
to a large range of organisms as well as other ecological goods and services. Warm-water …

Current and future climate-related drivers of risk for small islands during the 21st century
include sea level rise (SLR), tropical and extratropical cyclones, increasing air and sea …

The world's coral reefs are being degraded, and the need to reduce local pressures to offset
the effects of increasing global pressures is now widely recognized. This study investigates …

The Ocean plays a central role in Earth's climate and has absorbed 93% of the extra energy
from the enhanced greenhouse effect and approximately 30% of anthropogenic carbon …

Approximately one-quarter of the anthropogenic carbon dioxide released into the
atmosphere each year is absorbed by the global oceans, causing measurable declines in …

Identifying how past environmental conditions shaped the evolution of corals and their
skeletal traits provides a framework for predicting their persistence and that of their non …

Ocean acidification (OA) is considered an important threat to coral reef ecosystems, because
it reduces the availability of carbonate ions that reef-building corals need to produce their …