Rapid Arctic environmental change affects the entire Earth system as thawing permafrost
ecosystems release greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Understanding how much …

Warming amplification over the Arctic Pole (AP hereafter) and Third Pole (Tibetan Plateau,
TP hereafter) can trigger a series of climate responses and have global consequences …

ES 6: 3-5 Replace “It is unequivocal that emissions of the well-mixed greenhouse gases
(GHG) carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2 O) from human activities …

Methane (CH4) is produced in many natural systems that are vulnerable to change under a
warming climate, yet current CH4 budgets, as well as future shifts in CH4 emissions, have …

Gas hydrate, a frozen, naturally‐occurring, and highly‐concentrated form of methane,
sequesters significant carbon in the global system and is stable only over a range of low …

This chapter addresses the biogeochemical cycles of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4),
and nitrous oxide (N2O). The three greenhouse gases have increased in the atmosphere …

Lakes and ponds represent one of the largest natural sources of the greenhouse gas
methane. By surface area, almost half of these waters are located in the boreal region and …

The Arctic region has warmed nearly four times faster than the global average since 1979,
with far-reaching global implications. However, model projections of Arctic warming rates …

Permafrost and glaciers in the high Arctic form an impermeable 'cryospheric cap'that traps a
large reservoir of subsurface methane, preventing it from reaching the atmosphere …

The Arctic is a water-rich region, with freshwater systems covering about 16% of the northern
permafrost landscape. Permafrost thaw creates new freshwater ecosystems, while at the …