Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) represents pre-invasive breast carcinoma. In untreated
cases, 25–60% DCIS progress to invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). The challenge lies in …

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), characterized by the absence or low expression of
estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor …

Metabolic rewiring is often considered an adaptive pressure limiting metastasis formation;
however, some nutrients available at distant organs may inherently promote metastatic …

Metastases are the leading cause of mortality in patients with cancer. Metastasis formation
requires cancer cells to adapt their cellular phenotype. However, how metabolism supports …

Endocrine therapy is the main treatment for hormone receptor-positive (HR+) breast cancer.
However, advanced tumors develop resistance to endocrine therapy, rendering it ineffective …

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are increasingly implicated in regulating the malignant progression of
cancer. Here we show that miR-9, which is upregulated in breast cancer cells, directly …

The tumor oncoproteins HRAS, KRAS, and NRAS are the founding members of a larger
family of at least 35 related human proteins. Using a somewhat broader definition of …

The process by which normal cells become progressively transformed to malignancy is now
known to require the sequential acquisition of mutations which arise as a consequence of …

The Ras/Raf/MAPK pathway is probably the best characterized signal transduction pathway
in cell biology. The function of this pathway is to transduce signals from the extracellular …

The transcriptional regulators YAP and TAZ play important roles in development, physiology,
and tumorigenesis and are negatively controlled by the Hippo pathway. It is yet unknown …