Large herbivores play unique ecological roles and are disproportionately imperiled by
human activity. As many wild populations dwindle towards extinction, and as interest grows …

Two major environmental challenges of our time are responding to climate change and
reversing biodiversity decline. Interventions that simultaneously tackle both challenges are …

We live amid a global wave of anthropogenically driven biodiversity loss: species and
population extirpations and, critically, declines in local species abundance. Particularly …

The diverse functional roles of over 6,000 species of extant mammals that range in body size
across eight orders of magnitude, from blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) to tiny …

Large mammalian herbivores (megafauna) have experienced extinctions and declines since
prehistory. Introduced megafauna have partly counteracted these losses yet are thought to …

Until recently in Earth history, very large herbivores (mammoths, ground sloths, diprotodons,
and many others) occurred in most of the World's terrestrial ecosystems, but the majority …

Bush encroachment has been recognised in southern Africa since the late nineteenth
century. Our review of 23 studies showed that the rate of woody cover change has ranged …

Wild large herbivores are declining worldwide. Despite extensive use of exclosure
experiments to investigate herbivore impacts, there is little consensus on the effects of wild …

Large mammalian herbivores are major drivers of the structure and function of terrestrial
ecosystems world‐wide, and changes in their abundance have resulted in many …

Understanding cooperation is a central challenge in biology, because natural selection
should favor “free-loaders” that reap benefits without reciprocating. For interspecific …