Glucocorticoids are hormones that mediate the energetic demands that accompany
environmental challenges. It is therefore not surprising that these metabolic hormones have …

Pathogen spillover from wildlife to domestic animals and humans, and the reverse, has
caused significant epidemics and pandemics worldwide. Although pathogen emergence …

Loss of biodiversity is a leading conservation issue and, accordingly, a central topic in
ecological research is to predict how organisms respond to natural and anthropogenic …

This paper introduces a theme issue presenting the latest developments in research on the
impacts of sociality on health and fitness. The articles that follow cover research on societies …

Accurate and precise population estimates form the basis of conservation action but are
lacking for many arboreal species due to the high costs and difficulty in surveying these …

Hormones have a key role in energy allocation, so their study allows understanding
individual metabolic strategies. Because different hormones convey different information on …

Background Numbers of giraffes are declining rapidly in their native habitat. As giraffe
research and conservation efforts increase, the demand for more complete measures of the …

Parasites are ubiquitous and can strongly affect their hosts through mechanisms such as
behavioural changes, increased energetic costs and/or immunomodulation. When parasites …

Urbanisation has become a severe threat to pristine natural areas, causing habitat loss and
affecting indigenous animals. Species occurring within an urban fragmented landscape …

This theme issue has highlighted the links between sociality, health and fitness in a broad
range of organisms, and with approaches that include field and captive studies of animals …