Optogenetic actuators enable highly precise spatiotemporal interrogation of biological
processes at levels ranging from the subcellular to cells, circuits and behaving organisms …

The phylum Nucleocytoviricota includes the largest and most complex viruses known. These
“giant viruses” have a long evolutionary history that dates back to the early diversification of …

Optogenetics is a technique employing natural or genetically engineered photoreceptors in
transgene organisms to manipulate biological activities with light. Light can be turned on or …

Many organisms sense light using rhodopsins, photoreceptive proteins containing a retinal
chromophore. Here we report the discovery, structure and biophysical characterization of …

Over the last decade, the development of time-resolved serial crystallography (TR-SX) at X-
ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) and synchrotrons has allowed researchers to study …

Rhodopsins are photoreceptive membrane proteins consisting of a common heptahelical
transmembrane architecture that contains a retinal chromophore. Rhodopsin was first …

Neurophotonics was launched in 2014 coinciding with the launch of the BRAIN Initiative
focused on development of technologies for advancement of neuroscience. For the last …

Numerous photoreceptors and genetic circuits emerged over the past two decades and now
enable the light-dependent ie, optogenetic, regulation of gene expression in bacteria …

Heliorhodopsins (HeRs) have been hypothesized to have widespread functions. Recently,
the functions for few HeRs have been revealed; however, the hypothetical functions remain …

The first member and eponym of the rhodopsin family was identified in the 1930s as the
visual pigment of the rod photoreceptor cell in the animal retina. It was found to be a …