Globally, aquaculture has faced serious economic problems due to bacterial, viral, and
various other infectious diseases of different origins. Even though such diseases are being …

Since the emergence of COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus at the end of 2019,
there has been an explosion of vaccine development. By 24 September 2020, a staggering …

Liposomes are widely utilized as a carrier to improve therapeutic efficacy of agents thanks to
their merits of high loading capacity, targeting delivery, reliable protection of agents, good …

Infectious diseases are the leading cause of mortality worldwide, with viruses in particular
making global impact on healthcare and socioeconomic development. In addition, the rapid …

One of the most effective strategies to fight viruses and handle health diseases is
vaccination. Recent studies and current applications are moving on antigen, DNA and RNA …

SARS-CoV-2 is an RNA virus that was identified for the first time in December 2019 in
Wuhan, China. The World Health Organization (WHO) labeled the novel coronavirus …

Vaccines were initially developed on an empirical basis, relying mostly on attenuation or
inactivation of pathogens. Advances in immunology, molecular biology, biochemistry …

Vaccines based on recombinant proteins avoid the toxicity and antivector immunity
associated with live vaccine (for example, viral) vectors, but their immunogenicity is poor …

The development of novel immune adjuvants is emerging as a significant area of vaccine
delivery based on the continued necessity to amplify immune responses to a wide array of …

The immune system can be a cure or cause of disease, fulfilling a protective role in attacking
cancer or pathogenic microbes but also causing tissue destruction in autoimmune disorders …