Robust and efficient processes are needed to establish scientific confidence in new
approach methodologies (NAMs) if they are to be considered for regulatory applications …

Nanoparticles from natural and anthropogenic sources are abundant in the environment,
thus human exposure to nanoparticles is inevitable. Due to this constant exposure, it is …

In the past decade RNA-based therapies such as small interfering RNA (siRNA) and
messenger RNA (mRNA) have emerged as new and ground-breaking therapeutic agents for …

Prolonged exposure to environmental respirable toxicants can lead to the development and
worsening of severe respiratory diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary …

Intranasal administration is a drug delivery approach to provide a non-invasive
pharmacological response in the central nervous system with relatively small peripheral side …

Inhalation is a critical route through which substances can exert adverse effects in humans;
therefore, it is important to characterize the potential effects that inhaled substances may …

Pulmonary formulations have been attracting much attention because of their direct effects
on respiratory diseases, but also their non-invasive administration for the treatment of …

Background Air pollution has emerged as an unexpected risk factor for diabetes. However,
the mechanism behind remains ill-defined. So far, the lung has been considered as the main …

Evaluation of nasal spray drug absorption has been challenging because deposited
particles are consistently transported away by mucociliary clearance during diffusing …

Several studies have recently pointed towards an increased occurrence and prevalence of
several taxa of the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the microbiota of the upper respiratory tract …