Helminth parasite infections are associated with a battery of immunomodulatory
mechanisms that affect all facets of the host immune response to ensure their persistence …

Type 2 immune responses are defined by the cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, IL-9 and IL-
13, which can either be host protective or have pathogenic activity. Type 2 immunity …

B lymphocytes have critical roles as positive and negative regulators of immunity. Their
inhibitory function has been associated primarily with interleukin 10 (IL-10) because B-cell …

Cytokine production by B cells is important for multiple aspects of immunity. B cell-derived
cytokines, including lymphotoxin, are essential for the ontogenesis, homeostasis and …

The vertebrate immune system has evolved in concert with a broad range of infectious
agents, including ubiquitous helminth (worm) parasites. The constant pressure of helminth …

Helminth parasites infect almost one-third of the world's population, primarily in tropical
regions. However, regions where helminth parasites are endemic record much lower …

Specific B-cell subsets can regulate T-cell immune responses, and are termed regulatory B
cells (Breg). The majority of Breg cells described in mouse and man have been identified by …

Immune tolerance to both self-antigens and innocuous non–self-antigens is essential to
protect the host against chronic inflammatory diseases and tissue damage. A wide range of …

Foxp3-expressing regulatory T (T reg) cells have been implicated in parasite-driven
inhibition of host immunity during chronic infection. We addressed whether parasites can …

There is increasing interest in helminth parasite modulation of the immune system, both from
the fundamental perspective of the “arms race” between host and parasite, and equally …