Recent global temperature reconstructions for the current interglacial period (the Holocene,
beginning 11,700 years ago) have generated contrasting trends. This Review examines …

We assess evidence relevant to Earth's equilibrium climate sensitivity per doubling of
atmospheric CO2, characterized by an effective sensitivity S. This evidence includes …

Climate changes across the past 24,000 years provide key insights into Earth system
responses to external forcing. Climate model simulations, and proxy data,,,,–have …

A comprehensive database of paleoclimate records is needed to place recent warming into
the longer-term context of natural climate variability. We present a global compilation of …

BACKGROUND Effects of recent global warming have been documented in every biome on
Earth. Safeguarding biodiversity and ecosystem services against future impacts requires …

The implementation of boundary conditions is a key aspect of climate simulations. We
describe here how the Climate Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) forcing data …

The mid-Holocene (6000 years ago) is a standard experiment for the evaluation of the
simulated response of global climate models using paleoclimate reconstructions. The latest …

The Holocene thermal maximum, a period of global warmth evident in early to mid-Holocene
proxy reconstructions, is controversial. Most model simulations of the Holocene have not …

Abstract The Last Interglacial (LIG), a warmer period 130,000–116,000 years before present,
is a potential analogue for future climate change. Stronger LIG summertime insolation at …

Continuous records of the atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHGs) CO 2, CH 4, and N 2 O
are necessary input data for transient climate simulations, and their associated radiative …