The avian influenza A virus (AIV) is naturally prevalent in aquatic birds, infecting different
avian species and transmitting from birds to humans. Both AIVs, the H5N1 and H7N9 …

Antibody immunodominance refers to the preferential and asymmetric elicitation of
antibodies against specific epitopes on a complex protein antigen. Traditional vaccination …

Studies of successive vaccination suggest that immunological memory against past
influenza viruses may limit responses to vaccines containing current strains. The impact of …

Human influenza virus evolves to escape neutralization by polyclonal antibodies. However,
we have a limited understanding of how the antigenic effects of viral mutations vary across …

Antibodies are critical for providing protection against influenza virus infections. However,
protective humoral immunity against influenza viruses is limited by the antigenic drift and …

A longstanding question is how influenza virus evolves to escape human immunity, which is
polyclonal and can target many distinct epitopes. Here, we map how all amino-acid …

Hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein is an important focus of influenza research due to its role in
antigenic drift and shift, as well as its receptor binding and membrane fusion functions …

It is evident that the emergence of infectious diseases, which have the potential for spillover
from animal reservoirs, pose an ongoing threat to global health. Zoonotic transmission …

The constant domains of antibodies are important for effector functions, but less is known
about how they can affect binding and neutralization of viruses. Here, we evaluated a panel …

Incessant antigenic evolution enables the persistence and spread of influenza virus in the
human population. As the principal target of the immune response, the hemagglutinin (HA) …