Sharp wave ripples (SPW‐Rs) represent the most synchronous population pattern in the
mammalian brain. Their excitatory output affects a wide area of the cortex and several …

Excitotoxicity, the specific type of neurotoxicity mediated by glutamate, may be the missing
link between ischemia and neuronal death, and intervening the mechanistic steps that lead …

Dendritic spines are small protrusions studding neuronal dendrites, first described in 1888
by Ramón y Cajal using his famous Golgi stainings. Around 50 years later the advance of …

The maturation of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived neurons mimics the
protracted timing of human brain development, extending over months to years for reaching …

The important life-supporting role of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has evolved from bacteria to
plants, invertebrates, vertebrates, and finally to mammals. Over the centuries, however, H2S …

Voltage-gated calcium channels are the primary mediators of depolarization-induced
calcium entry into neurons. There is great diversity of calcium channel subtypes due to …

There is a long-standing paradox that NMDA (N-methyl-d-aspartate) receptors (NMDARs)
can both promote neuronal health and kill neurons. Recent studies show that NMDAR …

The proper construction of neural circuits requires the generation of diverse cell types, their
distribution to defined regions, and their specific and appropriate wiring. A major objective in …

Neuronal activity induces the post-translational modification of synaptic molecules, promotes
localized protein synthesis within dendrites and activates gene transcription, thereby …

Since its first edition, An Introduction to Theories of Learning has provided a uniquely
swee** review of the major learning theories from the 20th century that profoundly …