The CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) is a potential means of using renewable electricity to
synthesize commodity chemicals and fuels. The CO2RR can be performed at industrially …

Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells are electrochemical devices that directly
convert the chemical energy stored in fuel into electrical energy with a practical conversion …

Membrane is one of the most important components in proton exchange membrane fuel
cells (PEMFCs), which determines the transport phenomena, performance, and durability …

In this comprehensive review, recent progress and developments on perfluorinated sulfonic-
acid (PFSA) membranes have been summarized on many key topics. Although quite well …

Responding to rapid growth of the renewable energy applications, it is crucial to develop low
cost and high efficient large-scale energy storage systems in order to smooth out the …

Fuel cells utilize the chemical energy of liquid or gaseous fuels to generate electricity. As
fuel cells extend their territory to include heavy-duty vehicles, new demands for proton …

Polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolyzers (PEMWE) are currently restricted to an
operating temperature range between 50 to 80° C. This review shows that elevated …

Durability and ion conductivity are counteracting properties of proton-conductive
membranes that are challenging to achieve simultaneously and determine the lifetime and …

The recent expansion in proton exchange membrane (PEM) research has been
commensurate with the growth of PEM fuel cell research. Perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) …

Most of the hydrogen produced today is made using fossil fuels, making a significant
contribution to global CO 2 emissions. Although polymer electrolyte membrane water …