The intricacy of diseases, shaped by intrinsic processes like immune system exhaustion and
hyperactivation, highlights the potential of immune renormalization as a promising strategy …

As the primary barrier between an organism and its environment, epithelial cells are well-
positioned to regulate tolerance while preserving immunity against pathogens. Class II …

γδ T cells, αβ T cells, and B cells are present together in all but the most primitive
vertebrates, suggesting that each population contributes to host immune competence …

The existence of subsets of CD4+ helper T lymphocytes that differ in their cytokine secretion
patterns and effector functions provides a framework for understanding the heterogeneity of …

Tim R. Mosmann and Subash Sad he T helper 1 (Thl) and Th2 patterns of cytokine
production were originally described among mouse CD4'T-cell clone@ and later among …

▪ Abstract Interleukin-4 is a multifunctional cytokine that plays a critical role in the regulation
of immune responses. Its effects depend upon binding to and signaling through a receptor …

Abstract T helper type 1 (Th1) lymphocytes secrete secrete interleukin (IL)-2, interferon-γ,
and lymphotoxin-α and stimulate type 1 immunity, which is characterized by intense …

Innate immunity has been considered only to provide rapid, incomplete antimicrobial host
defense until the slower, more definitive acquired immune response develops. However …

▪ Abstract When asthma is diagnosed, eosinophilic inflammation and airway remodeling are
established in the bronchial airways and can no longer be separated as cause and effect …

Abstract γδ T cells remain an enigma. They are capable of generating more unique antigen
receptors than αβ T cells and B cells combined, yet their repertoire of antigen receptors is …