Accurate quantification of terrestrial evapotranspiration (ET) is essential to understand the
Earth's energy and water budgets under climate change. However, despite water and …

Terrestrial photosynthesis, or gross primary production (GPP), is the largest carbon flux in
the biosphere, but its global magnitude and spatiotemporal dynamics remain uncertain. The …

The terrestrial biosphere is a key player in slowing the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere. While quantification of carbon fluxes at global land scale is important for …

Energy transformation powers change in the universe. In physical systems, maximal power
(rate of energy input or output) may occur only at submaximal efficiency (output/input), or …

This paper documents the biogeochemistry configuration of the Energy Exascale Earth
System Model (E3SM), E3SMv1. 1‐BGC. The model simulates historical carbon cycle …

Gross primary productivity (GPP) is a vital variable of the global carbon cycle, but the
quantification of global GPP is subject to significant uncertainty due to the lack of direct …