Cell therapy practices date back to the 19th century and continue to expand on
investigational and investment grounds. Cell therapy includes stem cell-and non–stem cell …

Macrophages are innate immune cells in the organism and can be found in almost tissues
and organs. They are highly plastic and heterogeneous cells and can participate in the …

T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are heterogeneous and mainly characterized by expressing
surface markers CXCR5, ICOS, and PD-1; cytokine IL-21; and transcription factor Bcl6. They …

The rapid dissemination of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2),
the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), remains a global public health …

Vitiligo, the discoloration of the skin, has different autoimmune mechanisms reflected by
many biomarkers as shown by skin histology, staining for CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes …

The conventional therapeutic approaches to treat autoimmune diseases through
suppressing the immune system, such as steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory …

Abstract Cytokines like IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β are important mediators of inflammation in
many inflammatory diseases, as well as in cellular processes like cell proliferation and cell …

Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR‐T) cells are T cells engineered to express specific
synthetic antigen receptors that can recognize antigens expressed by tumor cells, which …

Accumulating evidence arising from numerous clinical studies indicate that assembled and
functional 20S proteasome complexes circulate freely in plasma. Elevated levels of this core …

Most synthetic immunomodulatory medications are extremely expensive, have many
disadvantages and suffer from a lot of side effects. So that, introducing immunomodulatory …