▪ Abstract Immune modulators such as cytokines and growth factors exert their biological
activity through high-affinity interactions with cell-surface receptors, thereby activating …

A set of chemokine receptors are structurally unable to elicit migration or conventional
signalling responses after ligand engagement. These'silent'(non-signalling) chemokine …

Background Trimethylamine (TMA), produced by the gut microbiota from dietary quaternary
amines (mainly choline and carnitine), is associated with atherosclerosis and severe …

Leukocyte migration into tissues depends on the activity of chemokines that form
concentration gradients to guide leukocytes to a specific site. Interaction of chemokines with …

Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is critical for survival and in the
regenerative response to tissue injury or ischemia. However, in diseases such as cancer …

Chemokines exert their biological activity through high-affinity interactions with cell-surface
receptors, thereby activating specific signalling pathways, and a second low-affinity …

Many viruses have learned to evade or subvert the host antiviral immune responses by
encoding and expressing immunomodulatory proteins that protect the virus from attack by …

Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines whose main function is to direct cell migration. The
chemokine network is highly complex and its deregulation is linked to several diseases …

Chemoattractant cytokines, or chemokines, are the largest sub-family of cytokines. About 50
distinct chemokines have been identified in humans. Their principal role is to stimulate the …

Immune responses are regulated by effector cytokines and chemokines that signal through
cell surface receptors. Mammalian decoy receptors—which are typically soluble or inactive …