Abstract Purpose of Review Skeletal muscle and bone are connected anatomically and
physiologically, and play a crucial role in human locomotion and metabolism. Historically …

Osteocalcin (Ocn), which is specifically produced by osteoblasts, and is the most abundant
non-collagenous protein in bone, was demonstrated to inhibit bone formation and function …

Together, loss-and gain-of-function experiments have identified the bone-derived secreted
molecule osteocalcin as a hormone with a broad reach in rodents and primates. Following …

The bone remodelling cycle replaces old and damaged bone and is a highly regulated,
lifelong process essential for preserving bone integrity and maintaining mineral …

This review proposes that physical inactivity could be considered a behavior selected by
evolution for resting, and also selected to be reinforcing in life-threatening situations in …

The skeleton is a dynamic organ that is constantly remodeled. Proteins secreted from bone
cells, namely osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts exert regulation on …

Exercise stimulates the release of molecules into the circulation, supporting the concept that
inter-tissue signaling proteins are important mediators of adaptations to exercise …

As the world's population ages, the prevalence of chronic diseases increases. Sarcopenia
and osteoporosis are two conditions that are associated with aging, with similar risk factors …

Clear evidence indicates that cytokines, for instance, adipokines, hepatokines, inflammatory
cytokines, myokines, and osteokines, contribute substantially to the development of …

A substantial loss of muscle mass and strength (sarcopenia), a decreased regenerative
capacity, and a compromised physical performance are hallmarks of aging skeletal muscle …