The deep sea (> 200 m depth) encompasses> 95% of the world's ocean volume and
represents the largest and least explored biome on Earth (< 0.0001% of ocean surface), yet …

Deep-sea fisheries operate globally throughout the world's oceans, chiefly targeting stocks
on the upper and mid-continental slope and offshore seamounts. Major commercial fisheries …

A comprehensive understanding of the deep-sea environment and mining's likely impacts is
necessary to assess whether and under what conditions deep-seabed mining operations …

With increasing demand for mineral resources, extraction of polymetallic sulphides at
hydrothermal vents, cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts at seamounts, and polymetallic …

Polymetallic nodule mining at abyssal depths in the Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone
(Eastern Central Pacific) will impact one of the most remote and least known environments …

War is an ever-present force that has the potential to alter the biosphere. Here we review the
potential consequences of modern war and military activities on ecosystem structure and …

Deep-sea mining is likely to result in biodiversity loss, and the significance of this to
ecosystem function is not known.“Out of kind” biodiversity offsets substituting one ecosystem …

The emerging deep-sea mining industry is seen by some to be an engine for economic
development in the maritime sector 1. The International Seabed Authority—the body that …

Who owns ocean biodiversity? This is an increasingly relevant question, given the legal
uncertainties associated with the use of genetic resources from areas beyond national …

There is increasing interest in mining minerals on the seabed, including seafloor massive
sulfide deposits that form at hydrothermal vents. The International Seabed Authority is …