Cancers represent complex ecosystems comprising tumor cells and a multitude of non-
cancerous cells, embedded in an altered extracellular matrix. The tumor microenvironment …

Over the past decade, invasive techniques for diagnosing and monitoring cancers are slowly
being replaced by non-invasive methods such as liquid biopsy. Liquid biopsies have …

Over the past two decades, elucidation of the genetic defects that underlie cancer has
resulted in a plethora of novel targeted cancer drugs. Although these agents can initially be …

Circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) assays conducted on plasma are rapidly develo** a
strong evidence base for use in patients with cancer. The European Society for Medical …

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are pathologically activated neutrophils and
monocytes with potent immunosuppressive activity. They are implicated in the regulation of …

Historically, studies of disseminated tumour cells in bone marrow and circulating tumour
cells in peripheral blood have provided crucial insights into cancer biology and the …

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are tumor cells that shed from the primary tumor and
intravasate into the peripheral blood circulation system responsible for metastasis. Sensitive …

Cancer-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are regarded as having promising potential to
be used as therapeutics and disease biomarkers. Mechanistically, EVs have been shown to …

Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) derived from tumours is present in the plasma of cancer patients. The
majority of currently available studies on the use of this circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) deal …

ICAM-1 is a cell surface glycoprotein and an adhesion receptor that is best known for
regulating leukocyte recruitment from circulation to sites of inflammation. However, in …