The discovery of CD4+ T cell subset–defining master transcription factors and framing of the
Th1/Th2 paradigm ignited the CD4+ T cell field. Advances in in vivo experimental systems …

Immunotherapies that target PD-1/PD-L1 axis have shown unprecedented success in a wide
variety of human cancers. PD-1 is one of the key coinhibitory receptors expressed on T cells …

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses against tumors are maintained by stem-like
memory cells that self-renew but also give rise to effector-like cells. The latter gradually lose …

Expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is frequently observed in human
cancers. Binding of PD-L1 to its receptor PD-1 on activated T cells inhibits anti-tumor …

T cell activation is a highly regulated process involving peptide–MHC engagement of the T
cell receptor and positive costimulatory signals. Upon activation, coinhibitory'checkpoints' …

The skin is the outermost organ of the body and is continuously exposed to external
pathogens. Upon inflammation, various immune cells pass through, reside in or are …

In a large proportion of cancer patients, CD8 T cells are excluded from the vicinity of cancer
cells. The inability of CD8 T cells to reach tumor cells is considered an important mechanism …

Molecular and Biochemical Aspects of the PD-1 Checkpoint Pathway | New England Journal of
Medicine Skip to main content The New England Journal of Medicine homepage Advanced …

In cancer, T cells become dysfunctional owing to persistent antigen exposure. Dysfunctional
T cells are characterized by reduced proliferative capacity, decreased effector function, and …

In chronic infections and cancer, T cells are exposed to persistent antigen and/or
inflammatory signals. This scenario is often associated with the deterioration of T cell …