Plants have various self-defense mechanisms against biotic attacks, involving both physical
and chemical barriers. Physical barriers include spines, trichomes, and cuticle layers …

Aphids are serious pests of agricultural and ornamental plants and important model systems
for hemipteran–plant interactions. The long evolutionary history of aphids with their host …

Plants are the ecosystem's primary source and have a direct or indirect impact on human
life. Pathogens and insect's interference into the plants contribute to enormous losses in …

Induced plant defenses against either pathogens or herbivore attackers are regulated by
phytohormones. These phytohormones are increasingly recognized as important mediators …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide and superoxide are produced
in plants in response to many biotic and abiotic stressors, and they can enhance stress …

Phloem sap quality can differ between and within plants, and affect the performance of
aphids. In turn, aphid infestation may change the chemical composition and nutritional value …

In nature, plants have evolved sophisticated defense mechanisms against the attack of
pathogens and insect herbivores. Plant volatile-mediated plant-to-plant communication has …

Cereal plants under abiotic or biotic stressors to survive unfavourable conditions and
continue growth and development, rapidly and precisely identify external stimuli and activate …

Tomato gray mold disease caused by Botrytis cinerea is a serious disease that threatens
tomato production around the world. Clonostachys rosea has been used successfully as a …

The antifungal properties and the induction of resistance by ε-poly-l-lysine (ε-PL) and
chitooligosaccharide (COS) were examined to find an alternative to synthetic fungicides …