Snake venoms are mixtures of toxins that vary extensively between and within snake
species. This variability has serious consequences for the management of the world's 1.8 …

Animal venoms have evolved over millions of years for prey capture and defense from
predators and rivals. Snake venoms, in particular, have evolved a wide diversity of peptides …

Animal venoms are theorized to evolve under the significant influence of positive Darwinian
selection in a chemical arms race scenario, where the evolution of venom resistance in prey …

Snake venoms represent a danger to human health, but also a gold mine of bioactive
proteins that can be harnessed for drug discovery purposes. The evolution of snakes and …

Due to the extreme variation of venom, which consequently results in drastically variable
degrees of neutralization by CroFab antivenom, the management and treatment of …

Three-finger toxins (3FTx) represent one of the most abundantly secreted and potently toxic
components of colubrid (Colubridae), elapid (Elapidae) and psammophid (Psammophiinae …

Venom proteins evolve rapidly, and as a trophic adaptation are excellent models for
predator–prey evolutionary studies. The key to a deeper understanding of venom evolution …

Spider venoms are a complex concoction of enzymes, polyamines, inorganic salts, and
disulfide-rich peptides (DRPs). Although DRPs are widely distributed and abundant, their …

Despite Cnidaria (sea anemones, corals, jellyfish, and hydroids) being the oldest venomous
animal lineage, structure–function relationships, phyletic distributions, and the molecular …

Centipedes are among the oldest extant venomous predators on the planet. Armed with a
pair of modified, venom-bearing limbs, they are an important group of predatory arthropods …