This review focuses on neuropeptides and peptide hormones, the largest and most diverse
class of neuroactive substances, known in Drosophila and other animals to play roles in …

What are the causes of natural selection? Over 40 years ago, Van Valen proposed the Red
Queen hypothesis, which emphasized the primacy of biotic conflict over abiotic forces in …

Neuropeptides and peptide hormones are ancient, widespread signaling molecules that
underpin almost all brain functions. They constitute a broad ligand-receptor network, mainly …

Neuropeptides are signaling molecules that commonly act via G protein-coupled receptors
(GPCRs) and are generated in neurons by proneuropeptide (pNP) cleavage. Present in both …

Animals often decide between alternative actions according to their current needs, and
hence the value they assign to each of the competing options [1–4]. This process is of …

There is an on-going need for the discovery and development of new pesticides due to the
loss of existing products through the continuing development of resistance, the desire for …

Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel, 1912)(Diptera: Tephritidae), commonly known as the oriental
fruit fly, is a highly destructive pest that globally infests fruits and vegetables, resulting in …

Tachykinins (TKs) are ancient neuropeptides present throughout the bilaterians and are,
with some exceptions, characterized by a conserved FX1GX2Ramide carboxy terminus …

This review focuses on the state of the art on neuropeptide receptors in insects. Most of
these receptors are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and are involved in the regulation …

Sexual reproduction requires coordinated contributions from both sexes to proceed
efficiently. However, the reproductive strategies that the sexes adopt often have the potential …