Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease of the large arteries that is the major cause of
cardiovascular disease (CVD) and stroke. Here, we review the current understanding of the …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by a low glomerular filtration rate or high
albuminuria, and affects 15–20% of adults globally. CKD increases the risk of various …

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in women and men globally, with most
due to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Despite progress during the last 30 …

Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Women are disproportionately
affected by stroke, exhibiting higher mortality and disability rates post-stroke than men …

Background: Although sex differences in coronary artery disease are widely accepted with
women develo** more stable atherosclerosis than men, the underlying pathobiology of …

The impact of two mouse models is reviewed, the Four Core Genotypes and XY* models.
The models are useful for determining if the causes of sex differences in phenotypes are …

Sex is a key risk factor for many types of cardiovascular disease. It is imperative to
understand the mechanisms underlying sex differences to devise optimal preventive and …

Many aspects of metabolism are sex-biased, from gene expression in metabolic tissues to
the prevalence and presentation of cardiometabolic diseases. The influence of hormones …

Therapeutic approaches to reduce atherogenic lipid and lipoprotein levels remain the most
effective and assessable strategies to prevent and treat cardiovascular disease. The …

This paper is part of the celebration of the 50th anniversary of founding of the journal
Hormones and Behavior, the official journal of the Society for Behavioral …