Annotation and classification of CRISPR-Cas systems

KS Makarova, EV Koonin - CRISPR: methods and protocols, 2015 - Springer
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas (CRISPR-
associated proteins) is a prokaryotic adaptive immune system that is represented in most …

Cyclic nucleotide signaling in phage defense and counter-defense

JS Athukoralage, MF White - Annual review of virology, 2022 - annualreviews.org
Advances in our understanding of prokaryotic antiphage defense mechanisms in the past
few years have revealed a multitude of new cyclic nucleotide signaling molecules that play a …

A cyclic oligonucleotide signaling pathway in type III CRISPR-Cas systems

M Kazlauskiene, G Kostiuk, Č Venclovas, G Tamulaitis… - Science, 2017 - science.org
Type III CRISPR-Cas systems in prokaryotes provide immunity against invading nucleic
acids through the coordinated degradation of transcriptionally active DNA and its transcripts …

Type III CRISPR–Cas systems produce cyclic oligoadenylate second messengers

O Niewoehner, C Garcia-Doval, JT Rostøl, C Berk… - Nature, 2017 - nature.com
In many prokaryotes, type III clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat
(CRISPR)–CRISPR-associated (Cas) systems detect and degrade invasive genetic …

Two distant catalytic sites are responsible for C2c2 RNase activities

L Liu, X Li, J Wang, M Wang, P Chen, M Yin, J Li… - Cell, 2017 - cell.com
C2c2, the effector of type VI CRISPR-Cas systems, has two RNase activities—one for cutting
its RNA target and the other for processing the CRISPR RNA (crRNA). Here, we report the …

CRISPR-mediated adaptive immune systems in bacteria and archaea

R Sorek, CM Lawrence… - Annual review of …, 2013 - annualreviews.org
Effective clearance of an infection requires that the immune system rapidly detects and
neutralizes invading parasites while strictly avoiding self-antigens that would result in …

CRISPR-Cas systems in bacteria and archaea: versatile small RNAs for adaptive defense and regulation

D Bhaya, M Davison, R Barrangou - Annual review of genetics, 2011 - annualreviews.org
Bacteria and archaea have evolved defense and regulatory mechanisms to cope with
various environmental stressors, including virus attack. This arsenal has been expanded by …

Unification of Cas protein families and a simple scenario for the origin and evolution of CRISPR-Cas systems

KS Makarova, L Aravind, YI Wolf, EV Koonin - Biology direct, 2011 - Springer
Abstract Background The CRISPR-Cas adaptive immunity systems that are present in most
Archaea and many Bacteria function by incorporating fragments of alien genomes into …

Evolutionary and functional classification of the CARF domain superfamily, key sensors in prokaryotic antivirus defense

KS Makarova, A Timinskas, YI Wolf… - Nucleic acids …, 2020 - academic.oup.com
Abstract CRISPR-associated Rossmann Fold (CARF) and S MODS-a ssociated and fused to
v arious e ffector d omains (SAVED) are key components of c yclic oligonucleotide-b ased a …

A novel interference mechanism by a type IIIB CRISPR‐Cmr module in Sulfolobus

L Deng, RA Garrett, SA Shah, X Peng… - Molecular …, 2013 - Wiley Online Library
Recent studies on CRISPR‐based adaptive immune systems have revealed extensive
structural and functional diversity of the interference complexes which often coexist …