Mimicry rings are communities of mimetic organisms that are excellent models for ecological
and evolutionary studies because the community composition, the nature of the species …

Oakleaf butterflies in the genus Kallima have a polymorphic wing phenotype, enabling these
insects to masquerade as dead leaves. This iconic example of protective resemblance …

Highlights•Butterfly wing patterns are highly diverse and have complex biological functions.•
Diversification of wing patterns can occur at the intra-or inter-specific level.•Both genetic and …

Butterfly color patterns provide visible and biodiverse phenotypic readouts of the patterning
processes. Although the secreted ligand WntA has been shown to instruct the color pattern …

Mimicry with warning colors includes Batesian and Müllerian mimicries. If we divide mimicry
by sex, there are theoretically four types of mimicry: unimodal, female‐limited, male‐limited …

Butterfly color patterns provide visible and biodiverse phenotypic readouts of the patterning
processes that occur in a develo** epithelium. While the secreted ligand WntA was shown …

Wnt ligands are key signaling molecules in animals, but little is known about the
evolutionary dynamics and mode of action of the WntA orthologs, which are not present in …

Biological systems present immense robustness to environmental, genetic and stochastic
variation, within which butterfly wings emerge as a prime model. Void of complexities during …

Warning color and warning color mimicry are subjects that have long been much studied as
good examples of evolution involving natural selection. Lepidopterous insects have been …