Hematological analyses are commonly used to evaluate fish health and welfare in
aquaculture, veterinary practice and scientific research. Hematological parameters were …

Abiotic conditions (eg, temperature and pH) fluctuate through time in most marine
environments, sometimes passing intensity thresholds that induce physiological stress …

Anthropogenic climate change is projected to lead to ocean warming, acidification,
deoxygenation, reductions in near-surface nutrients, and changes to primary production, all …

Ocean ecosystems have responded and will continue to respond to climate changes of
different rates, magnitudes, and durations (virtually certain). Human societies depend on …

Maximum (aerobic) metabolic rate (MMR) is defined here as the maximum rate of oxygen
consumption (O2max) that a fish can achieve at a given temperature under any ecologically …

Global warming and local eutrophication simultaneously lower oxygen (O2) saturation and
increase biological O2 demands to cause deoxygenation. Tropical shallow waters, and their …

Organophosphate and organochlorine pesticides are banned in most countries because
they cause high toxicity and bioaccumulation in non-target organisms. Pyrethroid pesticides …

In the context of global changes, fish are increasingly exposed to multiple stressors that
have cascading effects from molecules to the whole individual, thereby affecting wild fish …

Although the term environmental stress is used across multiple fields in biology, the inherent
ambiguity associated with its definition has caused confusion when attempting to …

Hypoxia, triggered in large part by eutrophication, exerts widespread and expanding stress
on coastal ecosystems. Hypoxia is often specifically defined as water having dissolved …