The endothelium is considered to be the gatekeeper of the vessel wall, maintaining and
regulating vascular integrity. In patients with chronic kidney disease, protective endothelial …

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) affects half of all patients with heart
failure worldwide, is increasing in prevalence, confers substantial morbidity and mortality …

In 2008, the Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of patients with vasospastic angina
(coronary spastic angina) 1 were developed by the Japanese Circulation Society, and the …

One in 10 persons in the world aged 40 years and older will develop the syndrome of
HFpEF (heart failure with preserved ejection fraction), the most common form of chronic …

Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by the activation of at least
several neurohumoral pathways that have a common role in maintaining cardiac output and …

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is associated with endothelial
dysfunction. We have previously reported that statins prevent endothelial dysfunction …

Background Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors reduced cardiovascular risk
in type 2 diabetes patients independently of glycemic control. Although angiotensin II (Ang II) …

Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are a superfamily of enzymes that hydrolyze cyclic nucleotides,
including cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate …

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is prevalent worldwide and remains a leading cause of
death. Although substantial progress has been made in the diagnosis and treatment of CVD …

Diabetes mellitus (DM) and cardiovascular complications are two unmet medical
emergencies that can occur together. The rising incidence of heart failure in diabetic …