Antibiotic resistance, prompted by the overuse of antimicrobial agents, may arise from a
variety of mechanisms, particularly horizontal gene transfer of virulence and antibiotic …

Human use of antimicrobials in the clinic, community and agricultural systems has driven
selection for resistance in bacteria. Resistance can be selected at antibiotic concentrations …

Plasmid‐mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) was late in being discovered. Nalidixic
acid, the first quinolone to be used clinically, was introduced in 1967 for urinary tract …

While the description of resistance to quinolones is almost as old as these antimicrobial
agents themselves, transferable mechanisms of quinolone resistance (TMQR) remained …

After two decades of the discovery of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR), three
different mechanisms have been associated to this phenomenon: target protection (Qnr …

Quinolones were introduced into clinical practice in the late 1960s. Although quinolone
resistance was described early, no transferable mechanism of quinolone resistance (TMQR) …

Antimicrobial resistance is a global problem. It is most prevalent in develo** countries
where infectious diseases remain common, the use of antibiotics in humans and animals is …

Quinolone resistance in bacterial pathogens has primarily been associated with mutations in
the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of bacterial type-II topoisomerases …

Fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance in Salmonella enterica is a significant clinical concern.
Recognition of resistance by the clinical laboratory is complicated by the multiple FQ …

There are two types of evolutionary events that im**e on bacterial genomes:
microevolution (mutations and homologous recombination), which produces point …