Cadmium (Cd) is an unessential trace element in plants that is ubiquitous in the
environment. Anthropogenic activities such as disposal of urban refuse, smelting, mining …

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal for the human organism and for all ecosystems. Cd is
naturally found at low levels; however, higher amounts of Cd in the environment result from …

Contaminated soil containing toxic metals and metalloids is found everywhere globally. As a
consequence of adsorption and precipitation reactions, metals are comparatively immobile …

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are considered a major class of organic
contaminants or pollutants, which are poisonous, mutagenic, genotoxic, and/or …

Abiotic stresses are the primary sources of crop losses globally. The identification of key
mechanisms deployed and established by plants in response to abiotic stresses is …

Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), and
arsenic (As), polluting the environment, pose a significant risk and cause a wide array of …

Heavy metals (HMs) are affected by natural and human activities and contaminate the soil
environment, endanger plant growth and pose a serious threat to the ecosystem. HMs …

Phytoremediation is an economically viable green technology that utilizes hyperaccumulator
plants to remove heavy metals (HM) from the soil. Hyperaccumulators are adept at …

Phytochelatins (PCs) are small cysteine-rich peptides capable of binding metal (loid) s via
SH-groups. Although the biosynthesis of PCs can be induced in vivo by various metal (loid) …

Heavy metals (HMs) normally occur in nature and are rapidly released into ecosystems by
anthropogenic activities, leading to a series of threats to plant productivity as well as human …