Infrared neuromodulation (INM) is a branch of photobiomodulation that offers direct or
indirect control of cellular activity through elevation of temperature in a spatially confined …

Graphene nanosheets are mechanically strong but flexible, electrically conductive and bio-
compatible. Thus, due to these unique properties, they are being intensively studied as …

Background Modulation of brain circuits by electrical stimulation has led to exciting and
powerful therapies for diseases such as Parkinson's. Because human brain organization is …

The excitatory and inhibitory effects of single and brief infrared (IR) light pulses (2 µm) with
millisecond durations and various power levels are investigated with a custom-built fiber …

Brain stimulation with ultra-low-intensity ultrasound has rarely been investigated due to the
lack of a reliable device to measure small neuronal signal changes made by the ultra-low …

Abstract Infrared (IR) neuromodulation (INM) has been demonstrated as a novel modulation
modality of neuronal excitability. However, the effects of pulsed IR light on synaptic …

The application of light in studying and influencing cellular behavior with improved temporal
and spatial resolution remains a key objective in fields such as chemistry, physics, medicine …

Research over the past four decades has highlighted the importance of certain brain cells,
called glial cells, and has moved the neurocentric vision of structure, function, and pathology …

Optical-electrode (optrode) arrays use light to modulate excitable biological tissues and/or
transduce bioelectrical signals into the optical domain. Light offers several advantages over …

Infrared neural stimulation is a promising tool for stimulating the brain because it can be
used to excite with high spatial precision without the need of delivering or inserting any …