This review is focused on free-electron lasers (FELs) in the hard to soft x-ray regime. The
aim is to provide newcomers to the area with insights into: the basic physics of FELs, the …

X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) and table-top sources of x-rays based upon high
harmonic generation (HHG) have revolutionized the field of ultrafast x-ray atomic and …

Abstract Short wavelength Free-Electron Lasers (FELs) are among the newest light sources
available to scientists to probe a wide range of phenomena, with chemical, physical and …

X-ray free-electron lasers enable the investigation of the structure and dynamics of diverse
systems, including atoms, molecules, nanocrystals and single bioparticles, under extreme …

The success, of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) has extended the frontier of nonlinear
optics into the hard X-ray region. Recently, sum-frequency generation has been reported, as …

In March 2012, SACLA started user operations of the first compact X-ray free-electron laser
(XFEL) facility. SACLA has been routinely providing users with stable XFEL light over a wide …

Understanding molecular femtosecond dynamics under intense X-ray exposure is critical to
progress in biomolecular imaging and matter under extreme conditions. Imaging viruses and …

Rapid development of X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) science has taken place in recent
years owing to the consecutive launch of large-scale XFEL instruments around the world …

Ultrafast changes of charge density distribution in diamond after irradiation with an intense x-
ray pulse (photon energy, 7.8 keV; pulse duration, 6 fs; intensity, 3× 10 19 W/cm 2) have …

We report the observation of multiple ionization of argon through multi-XUV-photon
absorption induced by an unprecedentedly powerful laser driven high-order harmonic …