Natural and anthropogenic causes are continually growing sources of metals in the
ecosystem; hence, heavy metal (HM) accumulation has become a primary environmental …

Abiotic stresses have a detrimental impact on plant growth and productivity and are a major
threat to sustainable crop production in rapidly changing environments. Proline, an …

Plants face a variety of abiotic stresses, which generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), and
ultimately obstruct normal growth and development of plants. To prevent cellular damage …

Cadmium (Cd) contamination has resulted in serious reduction of crop yields. Silicon (Si), as
a beneficial element, regulates plant growth to heavy metal toxicity mainly through reducing …

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic compounds released into our environment and is
harmful to human health, urging the need to remediate Cd-polluted soils. To this end, it is …

Cd is the third major contaminant of greatest hazard to the environment after mercury and
lead and is considered as the only metal that poses health risks to both humans and animals …

Ethylene is a gaseous plant growth hormone that regulates various plant developmental
processes, ranging from seed germination to senescence. The mechanisms underlying …

Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for humans and animals, although controversial
for different plant species. There exists a narrow line between essential, beneficial and toxic …

Abiotic stresses (such as metals/metalloids, salinity, ozone, UV-B radiation, extreme
temperatures, and drought) are among the most challenging threats to agricultural system …

Heavy metals are natural non-biodegradable constituents of the Earth's crust that
accumulate and persist indefinitely in the ecosystem as a result of human activities. Since …