We use the recent trade escalation between the USA and its trade partners to study whether
retaliatory tariffs are politically targeted. We find comprehensive evidence using individual …

One of the core disputes in the literature on economic statecraft addresses the conditions
under which multilateral sanctions are more successful than unilateral ones. Our game …

In response to President Trump instigating conflict over trade with China, the Chinese
government countered by issuing tariffs on thousands of products worth over USD 110 …

Do international economic sanctions backfire politically, resulting in increased rather than
decreased domestic support for targeted state leaders? Backfire arguments are common …

To influence states' treatment of their citizens, various foreign actors deploy a broad array of
tools, including moral suasion and material assistance. The efficacy of international pressure …

Policymakers employ economic sanctions to deal with a wide range of international
challenges, making them an indispensable foreign policy tool. While scholarship on …

In this introduction to the special issue,“Foreign Aid Withdrawals and Suspensions: Why,
When and Are They Effective,” we both summarize the current state of the literature and …

Conventional thinking proposes that naming and shaming pushes publics to oppose
government policies that are claimed to violate human rights. We explore the extent to which …

ABSTRACT How does the European Union's enforcement of democracy and rule-of-law
standards influence the domestic public's attitudes toward backsliding governments? On the …

Studies suggest that home countries impose economic sanctions following host state
expropriation of home firms. However, and not addressed in the empirical literature, is the …