Cranial placodes (which include the adenohypophyseal, olfactory, lens, otic, lateral line,
profundal/trigeminal, and epibranchial placodes) give rise to many sense organs and …

In 1983, a new theory, the New Head Hypothesis, was generated within the context of the
Tunicate Hypothesis of deuterostome evolution. The New Head Hypothesis comprised four …

Sensory cells that detect mechanical forces usually have one or more specialized cilia.
These mechanosensory cells underlie hearing, proprioception or gravity sensation. To date …

Ectodermal placodes comprise the adenohypophyseal, olfactory, lens, profundal, trigeminal,
otic, lateral line, and epibranchial placodes. The first part of this review presents a brief …

Physical and chemical cues from the environment are used to direct animal behavior
through a complex network of connections originating in exteroceptors. In chordates …

Cranial placodes are evolutionary innovations of vertebrates. However, they most likely
evolved by redeployment, rewiring and diversification of preexisting cell types and …

The paired cranial sensory organs and peripheral nervous system of vertebrates arise from
a thin strip of cells immediately adjacent to the develo** neural plate. The neural plate …

Auditory and vestibular functions in vertebrates depend on the transduction of sound
vibration or head acceleration into electrical responses in inner ear hair cells …

The evolutionary origin of vertebrate placodes remains controversial because divergent
morphologies in urochordates, cephalochordates and vertebrates make it difficult to …

Ascidians belong to tunicates, the sister group of vertebrates. Peripheral nervous systems
(PNSs) including epidermal sensory neurons (ESNs) in the trunk and dorsal tail regions of …